Which of the following is recognized as a metabolic cause of a seizure?

Seizures can have various underlying causes, and some of these are related to metabolic disturbances in the body. A key aspect of metabolic causes of seizures includes issues like electrolyte imbalances, hypoglycemia, or substance intoxication. In this case, poisoning is recognized as a metabolic cause because certain toxins can affect the body's metabolic processes, leading to changes in brain function that can provoke seizures.

For example, exposure to substances such as alcohol, illicit drugs, or even poisonous chemicals can disrupt normal metabolic processes. This disruption can alter neurotransmitter levels or induce metabolic conditions that favor the occurrence of seizures.

In contrast, while a brain tumor, massive stroke, and head trauma can certainly lead to the occurrence of seizures, these conditions are typically classified as structural or acute insults to the brain rather than metabolic causes. Structural changes in the brain's anatomy can also cause seizures but through different mechanisms than those caused by metabolic disturbances.