Spina bifida is characterized by which of the following?

Spina bifida is primarily characterized by a developmental defect in which the spinal column does not close completely around the spinal cord. This situation can lead to a portion of the spinal cord or its protective coverings, the meninges, protruding outside of the vertebrae, creating a visible bulge. This protrusion can occur in various forms, such as in myelomeningocele, where both the spinal cord and the meninges are involved, potentially leading to significant neurological impairment, including paralysis and loss of sensation below the affected area.

The nature of spina bifida means that the neural elements can be exposed or damaged, contributing to a wide range of physical disabilities, depending on the severity and location of the defect. In this context, the protrusion itself is a key defining feature of the condition, setting it apart from conditions characterized by cerebrospinal fluid issues or nerve fiber dysfunction. Understanding this characteristic is crucial for recognizing spina bifida and its implications for patient care.